The experience was liberating for Huang. Desperation, not inspiration, was the mother of victory. Huang encouraged his employees to preserve the mindset they’d adopted during the Riva crunch, asking them to constantly behave as if the company was teetering on the verge of bankruptcy even when it was making massive profits. For years to come, Jensen opened staff presentations with the words “Our company is thirty days from going out of business.” Even today at Nvidia, this sentence remains the corporate mantra.

Huang was now a centimillionaire, but his newfound wealth did not distract from his objective of crushing and absorbing the competition until only his firm remained. Dwight Diercks recalled no parties, no champagne, no sense of relief, not even congratulations from the boss. He shared with me an email he had saved from Huang. “The TNT2 team needs to do whatever it takes to get over the finish line,” Huang had written. The email continued in a tone of panicked desperation, with Huang complaining about missed deadlines and fretting over ascendant competitors.

Garlick took the job and remained at Nvidia for the next seventeen years. “My theory is that Jensen is a good person at heart who had to be ruthless,” Garlick said. “As opposed to some other CEOs, who were ruthless at heart and trying to pretend to be good people.” Such were Huang’s charms that, out of the 120 employees he recruited, 106 joined the dark side.

With the new hires, Nvidia had more than six hundred employees, up from just thirty-five four years earlier. The company relocated to a new headquarters down the road in Santa Clara, leasing a complex of curved, multistory, glass-and-steel buildings joined by skyways, festooned with sculpture, surrounded by parking, adjacent to the expressway, and spread across eleven acres of land. The new offices didn’t smell like takeout food. They didn’t smell like anything. Modernist respectability, with its boring and predictable implications, had arrived.

With every team stretched dangerously thin, managers begged Altman for more head count. There was no shortage of candidates. After ChatGPT, the number of job applicants clamoring to join the rocket ship had rapidly multiplied. But Altman worried about what would happen to company culture and mission alignment if the company scaled up its staff too quickly. He believed firmly in maintaining a small staff and high talent density. “We are now in a position where it’s tempting to let the organization grow extremely large,” he had written in his 2020 vision memo, in reference to Microsoft’s investment. “We should try very hard to resist this—what has worked for us so far is being small, focused, high-trust, low-bullshit, and intense.

“The overhead of too many people and too much bureaucracy can easily kill great ideas or result in sclerosis. Unlike the big-iron engineering projects of the past, we could fulfill our mission with a surprisingly small number of great people.”